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Conductivity / Salinity / TDS
The water's ability to conduct electricity, a fast, robust proxy for total dissolved ion content.
Specific conductance is one of the most diagnostic single measurements in water quality. Sudden changes flag pollution events, salt intrusion, road-salt runoff, or industrial discharges, while long-term trends track watershed-scale changes in geochemistry. From the raw conductivity reading, sensors derive salinity (using the Practical Salinity Scale) and total dissolved solids (TDS) via various conversion factors.
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